Objectives: As the global population grows, there is an urgent need for sustainable and nutritious protein sources. Insect protein has emerged as a viable alternative to traditional animal-based proteins, offering significant environmental and nutritional benefits. This review aimed to synthesize current research on the potential of insect protein and explore strategies to promote its acceptance among consumers. The pros and cons of insect protein have been weighed and concluded with suggestions for further directions.
Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. We performed an inclusive search of EBSCO, PubMed, and ProQuest for studies published from 1986 to 2024. To be included, studies must be (1) published in English, (2) available in full-text, (3) peer-reviewed, and (4) focused on insect protein as an alternative to traditional animal-source proteins. Studies that did not address at least one of the primary research questions—environmental sustainability, nutrition, or consumer acceptance—were excluded. After applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 22 studies were selected for inclusion.
Results: The results highlight that insect protein is significantly more sustainable than traditional livestock, producing fewer greenhouse gases, requiring less land/water, and offering solutions for waste management. Nutritionally, it is a dense source of complete proteins and essential micronutrients, with crickets, mealworms, and grasshoppers containing 60-70% protein by dry weight, comparable to animal protein. Yet, risks such as allergic reactions and microbial contamination remain. Also, consumer acceptance is a significant barrier due to cultural perceptions. Strategies such as processing insect protein into familiar products, improving taste and aesthetics, and targeted educational campaigns are discussed.
Conclusions: Insect protein holds promise as a sustainable, nutritious alternative to animal proteins, but its widespread adoption requires overcoming consumer hesitance. Strategies such as education, product design, and targeted marketing, are crucial for increasing acceptance. Addressing health risks and improving safety regulations will further facilitate the integration of insect protein into global food systems.
